What is Testicular Cancer?
Testicular cancer develops in one or both testicles, the male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Although it is relatively rare compared to other cancers, it is the most common cancer in young men aged 15–35.
The majority of testicular cancers begin in germ cells, the cells that produce sperm. These are classified as:
Seminomas – grow more slowly and are sensitive to radiation.
Non-seminomas – tend to grow faster and spread earlier.
With early detection and treatment, testicular cancer has one of the highest survival rates among all cancers.
Signs and Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
A lump or swelling in either testicle (often painless)
A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
Dull ache or pain in the lower abdomen, back, or groin
Sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
Discomfort or pain in the testicle or scrotum
Enlargement or tenderness of the breasts (rare, due to hormonal changes)
Diagnosis of Testicular Cancer
Medical History & Physical Exam
Checks for lumps, swelling, or tenderness in the testicles.
Ultrasound of the Testicles
Uses sound waves to distinguish between cancerous and non-cancerous lumps.
Blood Tests (Tumor Markers)
Measures levels of specific proteins (AFP, HCG, LDH) linked to testicular cancer.
Surgery (Orchiectomy)
Removal of the affected testicle is often the first step to confirm diagnosis.
Imaging Tests (CT or MRI scans)
Check for cancer spread to lymph nodes or other organs.
Treatments for Testicular Cancer
Surgery
The primary treatment, often involving removal of the affected testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy).
Radiation Therapy
Mainly used for seminomas; high-energy rays kill cancer cells in lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy
Effective for both seminomas and non-seminomas, especially if cancer has spread.
Stem Cell Transplant
Used in rare, advanced cases after high-dose chemotherapy.
Managing Side Effects
Common side effects may include:
- Fatigue
- Nausea or vomiting
- Hair loss (from chemotherapy)
- Lower sperm count or infertility
- Hormonal changes after surgery
Tips to manage side effects:
- Eat healthy, energy-boosting foods
- Stay physically active within limits
- Discuss fertility preservation (sperm banking) before treatment
- Seek counseling for emotional support
- Communicate openly with your healthcare team
Living With & Beyond Testicular Cancer
Helpful strategies include:
- Regular follow-up appointments and blood tests to monitor recurrence
- Maintaining a healthy lifestyle (diet, exercise, stress management)
- Understanding long-term side effects (such as fertility or hormonal changes)
- Joining support groups for men’s health and cancer recovery
- Practicing testicular self-exams on the remaining testicle
Children & Young People
Key considerations include:
- Age-appropriate explanations of diagnosis and treatment
- Specialized pediatric or adolescent oncology care
- Emotional and psychological support for young patients and families
- Fertility preservation options discussed before treatment
End-of-Life Care
Core aspects of care include:
- Pain and symptom management
- Emotional and psychological support for patients and loved ones
- Hospice services when needed
- Preserving dignity and improving quality of life