What is Pancreatic Cancer?
Pancreatic cancer begins in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and hormones such as insulin. It occurs when abnormal cells in the pancreas grow uncontrollably and form tumors.
The two main types are:
Exocrine tumors – the most common type, usually starting in the ducts that carry digestive enzymes.
Neuroendocrine tumors – rarer, arising from hormone-producing cells of the pancreas.
Pancreatic cancer is often difficult to detect early because symptoms usually appear in later stages. Early diagnosis greatly improves the chances of successful treatment.
Signs and Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer
Abdominal or back pain
Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Loss of appetite or unintended weight loss
Fatigue and weakness
Nausea or vomiting
Changes in stool (pale, greasy stools that float)
New-onset diabetes or worsening of existing diabetes
Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer
Medical History & Physical Exam
Identifies risk factors such as smoking, family history, or diabetes.
Imaging Tests (CT, MRI, or Ultrasound)
Detect tumors and evaluate spread.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
Provides detailed images of the pancreas and allows biopsy.
Biopsy
Confirms cancer through microscopic analysis of tissue samples.
Blood Tests (CA 19-9 and other markers)
Measure substances linked to pancreatic cancer.
Treatments
Surgery
Whipple Procedure (Pancreaticoduodenectomy)
Removes the head of the pancreas, part of the stomach, intestines, and nearby tissues.
Distal Pancreatectomy
Removes the body and tail of the pancreas.
Total Pancreatectomy
Removes the entire pancreas in rare cases.
Chemotherapy
Uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells, often given after surgery or when surgery isn’t possible.
Radiotherapy
High-energy rays target cancer cells, sometimes combined with chemotherapy.
Targeted Therapy
Focuses on genetic mutations or proteins that drive tumor growth.
Immunotherapy
Helps the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
Palliative Care
Focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life when cure is not possible.
Managing Side Effects
Common side effects may include:
- Fatigue and weakness
- Loss of appetite or weight loss
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Pain after surgery
- Diabetes management challenges
Tips to manage side effects:
- Eat small, frequent, nutrient-rich meals
- Stay hydrated
- Work with a dietitian for nutritional guidance
- Take medications for nausea, pain, or digestion support
- Seek emotional support through counseling or support groups
Living With & Beyond Cancer
Helpful strategies include:
- Regular follow-ups and monitoring
- Healthy diet and exercise for overall well-being
- Support groups to share experiences
- Stress management techniques such as meditation or yoga
- Avoiding smoking and alcohol to reduce recurrence risk
Children & Young People
Key considerations include:
- Monitor for persistent abdominal pain, jaundice, or unexplained weight loss
- Provide age-appropriate explanations of treatment and care
- Offer emotional and psychological support
- Ensure care is provided by pediatric oncology specialists
End-of-Life Care
Core aspects of care include:
- Managing pain, nausea, and digestive issues
- Providing nutritional support, including feeding aids if needed
- Emotional and psychological care for patients and families
- Hospice services for compassionate end-of-life support