Melanoma Cancer

Understanding, Managing, and Living Beyond Melanoma

What is Melanoma Cancer?

Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer that develops in the melanocytes — the cells that produce melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Unlike many other skin cancers, melanoma is more likely to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if not detected and treated early.

Although less common than basal cell or squamous cell skin cancers, melanoma causes the majority of skin cancer-related deaths. However, early diagnosis greatly improves outcomes.

Signs and Symptoms of Melanoma

Early detection is critical. Melanoma often appears as a new mole or a change in an existing mole.

The ABCDE rule can help identify warning signs:

A – Asymmetry

One half of the mole does not match the other.

B – Border

Edges are irregular, ragged, or blurred.

C – Color

Uneven colors — shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue.

D – Diameter

Larger than 6 mm (about the size of a pencil eraser).

E – Evolving

Any change in size, shape, or color.

Other warning signs include:

A sore that doesn’t heal

Itching, tenderness, or bleeding in a mole

Spread of pigment beyond the border of a mole

Diagnosis of Melanoma

If melanoma is suspected, doctors may recommend:

Skin Examination

A full-body check for suspicious moles or growths.

Dermatoscopy

A handheld device magnifies skin lesions for closer inspection.

Biopsy

A sample of suspicious tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm melanoma.

Imaging Tests (CT, MRI, PET scans)

Used for advanced cases to check if melanoma has spread.

Prompt reporting of symptoms and regular check-ups can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Treatments

Treatment depends on the stage of melanoma and overall health. Options include:

Surgery

Wide local excision

Removal of the melanoma and surrounding tissue.

Lymph node dissection

Removal of nearby lymph nodes if cancer has spread.

Immunotherapy

Boosts the immune system to recognize and attack melanoma cells.

Targeted Therapy

Drugs that target specific genetic mutations (such as BRAF or MEK) driving melanoma growth.

Chemotherapy

Less commonly used, but may help in advanced cases.

Radiotherapy

High-energy beams used to treat melanoma that has spread or recurred.

Your care team may combine treatments to improve effectiveness.

Managing Side Effects

Melanoma treatments can cause side effects, but these are often manageable with medical support.

Common side effects may include:

Coping strategies:

Protect skin from sun exposure with sunscreen and clothing
Eat a healthy, balanced diet to support healing
Stay physically active to reduce fatigue
Report side effects promptly to your healthcare team
Join melanoma support groups for shared experiences

Always communicate with your healthcare team to manage side effects safely.

Living With & Beyond Cancer

Life after melanoma treatment requires vigilance and healthy lifestyle choices.

Helpful strategies include:

Regular skin checks and follow-up appointments
Monthly self-exams to monitor moles or new growths
Sun protection: sunscreen, hats, protective clothing, and avoiding tanning beds
Healthy eating and physical activity to support overall wellness
Emotional support through counseling, support groups, or online communities

Ongoing monitoring and self-care help maintain well-being and quality of life after treatment.

Children & Young People

Melanoma is rare in children but can occur, especially in teens and young adults. Early education about sun safety is vital.

Key considerations include:

Teach children about the importance of sunscreen and protective clothing
Monitor moles and skin changes during growth and puberty
Provide emotional support if a young person is affected by melanoma
Families with a history of melanoma may benefit from genetic counseling

Early awareness can help with prevention and timely intervention.

End-of-Life Care

For advanced melanoma, palliative care helps improve comfort and quality of life.

Core aspects of care include:

End-of-life care emphasizes dignity, comfort, and emotional well-being.

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