What is Esophageal Cancer?
Esophageal cancer begins in the esophagus—the long, hollow tube that carries food and liquids from the throat to the stomach. It develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lining of the esophagus. The two most common types are:
Adenocarcinoma – Usually starts in the lower part of the esophagus, linked to chronic acid reflux or Barrett’s esophagus.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma – Typically found in the upper or middle esophagus, often associated with smoking and alcohol use.
Esophageal cancer can interfere with swallowing and nutrition, and early detection is vital for effective treatment.
Signs and Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), often starting with solid foods
Chest pain, pressure, or burning sensation
Unexplained weight loss
Chronic heartburn or indigestion
Hoarseness or persistent cough
Vomiting or regurgitation of food
Pain in the throat or back
Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer
Physical Examination & Medical History
Identifies risk factors such as smoking, reflux, or alcohol use.
Barium Swallow X-ray
Highlights blockages or narrowing in the esophagus.
Endoscopy (EGD)
A flexible tube with a camera is used to examine the esophagus and take tissue samples.
Biopsy
Confirms cancer cells under microscopic analysis.
CT Scan or PET Scan
Detects tumor size, spread, and staging.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
Provides detailed images of the esophagus and surrounding lymph nodes.
Treatments
Surgery
Esophagectomy
Removal of part or all of the esophagus, sometimes with reconstruction using stomach or intestine.
Radiotherapy
High-energy rays target cancer cells, often used before or after surgery, or for symptom relief.
Chemotherapy
Drugs used to kill cancer cells, often combined with radiation or surgery.
Targeted Therapy
Drugs designed to block cancer cell growth by focusing on specific mutations.
Immunotherapy
Boosts the body’s immune system to fight esophageal cancer, especially in advanced cases.
Managing Side Effects
Common side effects may include:
- Difficulty swallowing or eating
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fatigue and weakness
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss or malnutrition
- Pain after surgery
Tips to manage side effects:
- Eat small, soft, and frequent meals
- Work with a nutritionist to maintain adequate calories and nutrients
- Stay hydrated
- Rest and engage in light activity to reduce fatigue
- Use prescribed medications for nausea or pain
- Seek counseling or join support groups for emotional support
Living With & Beyond Cancer
Helpful strategies include:
- Regular medical check-ups and screenings
- Nutritional counseling for swallowing and digestion issues
- Joining support groups for shared experiences
- Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with exercise and stress management
- Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and foods that worsen reflux
Children & Young People
Key considerations include:
- Monitor for swallowing difficulties or unexplained weight loss
- Provide age-appropriate education about health and treatment
- Offer emotional and psychological support
- Ensure specialized pediatric oncology care if diagnosed
End-of-Life Care
Core aspects of care include:
- Managing swallowing difficulties, pain, and nutrition challenges
- Feeding tubes or stents may be used to help with eating
- Emotional support and counseling for patients and families
- Hospice services to provide compassionate care during the final stages