What is Bladder Cancer?
Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the bladder, the organ that stores urine before it leaves the body. Most bladder cancers start in the lining of the bladder (urothelium), though they can grow into the deeper muscle layers and spread to nearby tissues or organs.
It is one of the most common cancers, especially among older adults, and is more common in men than women. Smoking, chemical exposure, and chronic bladder inflammation are major risk factors. Early detection leads to more effective treatment.
Signs and Symptoms of Bladder Cancer
Blood in the urine (hematuria) — may be bright red or cola-colored
Frequent urination
Painful or burning sensation during urination
Urgency to urinate, even when the bladder is not full
Lower back or pelvic pain
Unexplained fatigue or weight loss (in advanced cases)
Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer
Urine Tests
Check for blood, cancer cells, or biomarkers in the urine.
Cystoscopy
A thin tube with a camera is inserted through the urethra to examine the bladder lining.
Biopsy (Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor – TURBT)
Tissue samples are taken during cystoscopy to confirm cancer.
Imaging Tests (CT Urogram, MRI, or Ultrasound)
Provide detailed images of the urinary tract and detect tumors.
Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP)
An X-ray test that uses dye to highlight the urinary system.
Treatments
Surgery
TURBT
Removes tumors from inside the bladder.
Cystectomy
Partial or complete removal of the bladder in advanced cases.
Intravesical Therapy
Direct delivery of medication (such as BCG or chemotherapy drugs) into the bladder.
Chemotherapy
Drugs that kill cancer cells, given before or after surgery.
Radiotherapy
High-energy beams used to target and destroy cancer cells.
Immunotherapy & Targeted Therapy
Boost the immune system or target specific cancer pathways for advanced disease.
Managing Side Effects
Common side effects may include:
- Fatigue
- Bladder irritation (burning or frequent urination)
- Nausea or vomiting
- Hair loss (from chemotherapy)
- Sexual dysfunction
- Changes in urinary function after surgery
Tips for coping:
- Drink plenty of fluids unless otherwise advised
- Maintain a healthy diet with fiber and lean proteins
- Use medications to manage nausea, pain, or urinary issues
- Seek counseling for emotional support
- Join bladder cancer support groups for shared experiences
Living With & Beyond Cancer
Helpful strategies include:
- Regular follow-up cystoscopies and imaging tests
- Quitting smoking and avoiding harmful chemicals
- Maintaining a balanced diet and exercise routine
- Seeking pelvic floor therapy after surgery if needed
- Emotional support through counseling or peer groups
Children & Young People
Key considerations include:
- Genetic or congenital urinary conditions may slightly raise risk
- Families should encourage awareness of urinary health (blood in urine should always be checked)
- Provide emotional and psychological support if a young person is affected
- Specialized pediatric oncology care ensures proper treatment and support
End-of-Life Care
Core aspects of care include:
- Pain management and relief from urinary difficulties
- Support for fatigue, nausea, and emotional distress
- Help with daily activities and decision-making
- Hospice care to provide compassionate support for patients and families